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Hunting, Fishing, &Shooting the Working Classes
Tom Jennings
With the twenty-fifth anniversary of the 1984-85 miners
strike upon us a certain amount of attention rehashing and probably remystifying
that pivotal period in UK politics can be expected. Now consigned by the mainstream
media safely to the past, moreover, the strike seems fair game for packaging
in the heritage industry’s procession of spectacles trivialising and sanitising
historical significance. Quite how it could be spun to suit New Labour’s
threadbare corporate Cool Britannia formulations remains to be seen – especially
given the preceding demonisation of the miners as the ‘enemy within’.
True, local areas most affected at the time and since should prove less amenable
to such calumnies – yet, for example, while the combination of ‘living
history’ with nostalgia persists at the annual Durham Miners’ Gala
(albeit with dwindling attendances), this heartland of militant mining culture1
also hosts the original industrial theme park at nearby Beamish. Of course,
a wide range of more faithful records of the 1984-5 events also exist in the
public domain in the form of various archives and publications, but these tend
to be created by and for specific constituencies and rarely impinge on general
awareness.
One exception is Jeremy Deller’s artwork The Battle of Orgreave (2001),
involving a full-scale re-enactment of the iconic confrontation between pickets
and police at the South Yorkshire village and cokeworks. Mobilising massed
ranks of military hobbyists and remaining participants from both sides of the
June 1984 clash, Deller questioned the role of memory, documentation and media
in personal and national history2. But whatever value is ascribed to such enterprises,
questions of the ‘legacy’ of the strike and the wider upheavals in
British society it exemplified had already entered the popular imagination
via cinematic treatments of the consequences of 1980s deindustrialisation.
Here the social-realist tradition continues to provide visual narratives which
take seriously the problems and possibilities of the everyday lives of ordinary
working-class people, based on purportedly accurate accounts of lived experience
which resist the commercial imperatives of more obviously recuperative genres
like soap operas and ‘reality TV’. Now, with the prospect of mass
unemployment again looming – in addition to the working poor of increasingly
casualised, insecure work patterns and impoverishment of substantial swathes
of the population in the meantime – it seems pertinent to take stock.
What follows sketches the patchy tradition of UK social-realism before considering
a particularly consistent exponent – the Amber collective – whose
40th anniversary is also this year.
The Ambiguous Real
British social-realist film-making originated in the 1930s documentary movement’s
desire for the cinema to play a positive role in society beyond entertainment
for profit. To its leading figure, John Grierson, the “creative interpretation
of actuality” allowed the scientific capture of living patterns beneficial
for state planning and control, educating those in charge and artistically
enhancing a public sense of national unity – especially during the Second
World War. The paternalism, patronisation and elitism of this vision, along
with the intrusive middle-class voyeuristic tourism of Mass Observation’s
sociological-anthropological recording projects, still haunt the descendants
of these traditions3 – who generally echo the humanist responses of Humphrey
Jennings and other documentary directors of the time that their aesthetic strategies
were supposed to represent the lives of the objects of the camera’s gaze
so that the films ‘belonged’ to those portrayed, who otherwise remained
invisible4.
Nevertheless, British realism sunk further into complacent conservatism in
the postwar welfare state consensus which did, however, permit fractions of
working-class youth into higher education and the cultural sector – whereupon
a generation of Angry Young Men railed against the multiple alienations of
1950s mass bureaucratic society and consumerism. Meanwhile the international
success and acclaim of Italian neorealist cinema’s tragic, monumental
portraits of lower-class characters transfixed in poverty helped prompt New
Waves across Europe – including the highly successful Northern ‘kitchen-sink’ films
of the 1960s which dramatised masculine dissatisfaction with the drudgeries
of home, community and working life5. Then, when the ‘swinging sixties’ bewitched
subsequent domestic cinema and spawned countless avant-garde and countercultural
currents, socially-conscious film-makers like Ken Loach and Alan Clarke migrated
into hard-edged 1970s ‘public service’ television drama, dissecting
the dark underbelly of the steadily unravelling social-democratic settlement
finally laid to rest by Thatcherism.
Amid widespread intellectual disorientation accompanying the Conservatives’ brutal
structural adjustments, 1980s British cinema is best characterised as predominantly
escapist – whether to other times and places, or visiting the ‘margins’ of
a political landscape where collective issues were rendered purely private
personal problems ripe for coercive managerial or therapeutic intervention
now that there was ‘no such thing as society’. Those film-makers
working within broadly realist paradigms heightened and twisted their characterisations
and narratives to surreal degrees; delved into dreams and fantasies searching
for the hope or pleasure apparently absent given prevailing conditions; and
sought hitherto neglected milieux whose position, identity or culture was sufficiently
visibly distinct from failing respectable lifestyles to offer novel routes
for aspiration and social mobility. Most of all, long-shunned but eternally
popular Hollywood genre conventions were resuscitated throughout the decade,
offering cautionary tales of individual transcendence to console progressive
film-makers and audiences alike.
Despite a welcome widening of perspectives from which experience might be considered ‘authentic’,
however, the 1980s postmodern play of commodified differences and stylistic
gymnastics couldn’t indefinitely divert attention from intensifying economic
inequality and the persistemt chronic material deprivation of millions in the
1990s. Official discourse preferred fashionable sophistry concerning an abject ‘underclass’ socially-self-excluded
from buying into credit-bubble consumerism, but established film-makers like
Loach and Mike Leigh emphatically reaffirmed the blatant continued salience
of social class, even if its co-ordinates were once again cut adrift from secure
wages6. Other more visually and structurally innovative films variously glossed
their honest ‘miserabilism’ with surrealism (e.g. Trainspotting,
dir. Danny Boyle, 1995), expressionism (e.g. Nil By Mouth, dir. Gary
Oldman, 1997)7, or – benefitting from New Labour rebranding – heritage
nostalgia (e.g. Brassed Off, 1996, dir. Mark Herman) and sentimental
manipulation and wish-fulfilment (The Full Monty, dir. Peter Cattaneo,
19978; Billy Elliott, dir. Stephen Daldry, 2000), occasionally yielding
box-office bonanzas.
These trends have continued across the millennium, though with a few new directors
more confidently experimenting with social-realism, expression and genre in
the ‘independent’ sector where funding is just as precarious as career
prospects elsewhere9. Often themselves from humble backgrounds witnessing the
damage to the social fabric, they tend to resist pandering to mainstream commercial/political/middle-class
archetypes by demonising or romanticising the contemporary lower-classes. Instead
more subtle and complex evocations of working-class social adaptation to hardship
grope for germs of the creative solidarity capable, one day, of providing a
basis for a decent workable future10. Paradoxically, unhinged from the heroic
dignified menace of men’s industrial labour, latent questions of social
reproduction thus re-emerge from behind the means of production. And, as it
happens, Amber had already been seeking hope in the face of such adversity
in North East England, albeit less troubled by postmarxist and postmodernist
prognostications.
Amber Dexterity
Amber’s original collectivists moved from London to Newcastle in 1969
to document working-class culture by living among and working with and for
its inhabitants, and to record the area’s embattled craft practices before
they finally vanished. Through various accidents and artful dodges they eventually
acquired city premises on the Tyne and set up a photographic gallery, workshops
and cinema. In addition to regularly organising international exhibitions,
the Side Gallery gradually established a unique and extensive photography collection – but
the ideal for the group’s own new work was maximal protracted immersion,
building consultative trust in communities or situations before filming there.
As well as yielding classic heroic documentary, experiments hybridising forms
and methods – often well ahead of fashion – provided greater range
and effectiveness11. The cultural work attracted links with various grass-roots
arts initiatives and often proceeded alongside activism and campaign work,
including sustained support for the 1984-5 miners’ strike12. But the desire
to merge wider concerns in less urgent contexts required painstaking long-term
commitment, and their feature-length documentary The Pursuit of Happiness (2008)13
would have showcased a family of travellers settled in County Durham – exemplifying
Amber’s attempted integration of life, work and friendship – but
then changed course to commemorate the sudden death in 2007 of founder-member
Murray Martin.
The preservation for posterity of visual records of endangered forms of working
life now well-established, one impetus towards making full-length fictional
features was that narrative structure and film editing facilitate greater attention
to social dynamics among their subjects rather than just objectively placed
physical routines. Also, significant changes in the film-making funding environment
entailed the recently unveiled Channel 4 offering revenue support to regional
film workshops – facilitated by an ACTT union deal Amber helped broker – and
its commissioners were especially keen to screen new drama. So material documenting
a travellers camp gathering waste coal on a Northumbrian tideline was opportunistically
bolted onto a bare biographical storyline in 1985’s Seacoal. This
was followed four years later by In Fading Light’s more conventionally
cast and fully-scripted story of small-scale fisheries sailing from North Shields,
this time widening the ambit to knit together social intercourse among the
trawlers at sea with their home lives. Completing this more traditionally observational
strand, Eden Valley (1994) described the precarious existence of a County
Durham horse trainer in a haunting study of harsh landscape and natural rhythm
passing through a minimal father-son narrative arc.
Sensitively detailed and lyrically realised though these films are in chronicling
tenuous patterns of making ends meet, a sense of overdetermination is palpable – in
the physical rigour of the activities involved and being circumscribed by arbitary
external forces and interests. Only the insertion of gender and generational
texture provides lines of flux to complicate and defy otherwise resolutely
static, backward-looking portrayals. Of course, Amber’s photographic and
documentary film practice had always paid attention to the social networks
and community activities they observed around them – even if hitherto
brought together only rather uneasily with the over-riding focus on labour
under the banner of working-class culture. But now – again partly due
to circumstance – fictional explorations of the impact of economic adversity
on family and community cohesion assumed centre-stage, with the specificities
of subsistence modes increasingly framed with merely a contributory, if still
baleful, role in ensembles of social reproduction. This cycle started with Dream
On (1991) following a group of women on a North Shields sink estate finding
renewed strength in mutual support, mobilising the cathartic potential of shared
fears and fantasies to overcome personal and collective trauma.
Perhaps predictably, this film risked romanticising the magical resilience
of women’s social labour counterposed to the pathos of men’s lost
breadwinning grandeur – a schematic segregation partly mitigated by adroit
comic and carnivalesque elements (and painfully wooden dream sequences). In
the subsequent East Durham trilogy the temptations of wishful thinking are
resisted by hinging narrative poignancy on the conflictual ambivalence of family
and friendship ties in a local community wrecked by the withdrawal of its economic
bedrock. Emerging from Amber’s long-term ‘Coalfield Stories’ accumulating
images, stories and ideas from residents in and around the Easington area (where Eden
Valley was also set), these organically connected films represent alternate
perspectives on the same situation. The Scar (1997) centres on a former
activist in the Women Against Pit Closures group – as elsewhere, crucial
to nourishing the miners’ local base and propagandising further afield.
Her family left broken and bereft after the strike’s defeat, an appetite
for life is revived by an affair with the manager of the private opencast which
replaced the deep mine (providing a small fraction of its jobs), but she’s
unable to stomach the selfish consumerism and antisocial isolation of the future
she foresees – and neither can he then accept the cynical corporate agenda
he’s asked to serve.
Though tantalising viewers with the prospect of oversimplistic romantic closure, The
Scar refuses Dream On’s arguably ‘easy’ options.
Like Father (2001) further muddies waters by juggling the contrasting predicaments
of three generations of a single family. The grandfather holds onto his beloved
pigeon loft earmarked for compulsory demolition for leisure sector development,
while his estranged son – also a former miner – juggles self-exploitation
teaching and composing music but lacks the resources to sustain his marriage.
He might carve out breathing space with a local council contract – but
only by persuading the old man to cave in. Meanwhile his young son grapples
with late childhood’s gamut of dilemmas, but even without Attention Deficit
would struggle to glimpse coherent guidance on how to grow from the role-model
muddle around him. But as separately tortured trajectories intersect, private
pain, anger and confusion are woven back into mutual concern, averting irreversibly
violent resolution. And, though less straightforwardly than in The Scar,
the tentative outcome again revolves around attitudes converging, refusing
to concede their futures to external institutional agendas whose exploitative
corporate whims are felt as personal insults on top of earlier grievous injury.
Like Father also marked a decisive departure in casting non-actors in
all the leading roles whose own life-histories closely paralleled their characters,
producing convincing acting and boosting the denouement’s credibility. Shooting
Magpies (2005) trumped this innovation by additionally translating the
real-life relationship between the two main actors into the plot – even
including their testimony direct to camera – examining the most depressed
neighbourhoods where drug addiction’s ramifications ripple out, colliding
with other survival strategies and raising questions of collective and individual
obligation. A young mother strives one last time to help wean her partner off
heroin with the help of a friend who is himself a single father shielding his
son from delinquency. But his altruistic motives prompt lapses of judgement
which could prove suicidal – metaphorically in terms of local respect,
and physically in an environment where summary justice accompanies slights
real or imagined. While she finally admits defeat, and manages to move on,
his fate is left hanging – and the harsher brightness of the digital video
filming accentuates the unpromising choices available in a story where, for
every advance for one character, another’s downfall beckons. Yet, despite
tragedy looming on all sides, generosity, tenderness and goodwill persist in
generating the possibility of avoiding surrender to the war of all against
all.
Amber Valence
What distinguishes Amber’s cinematic practice from conventional social-realism
is scrupulous engagement with their subjects to generate content and texture,
rather than parachuting in to exploit indigenous resources for externally pre-defined
purposes. Relationships are built after approaching a community and offering
their craft skills, subsequently drawing on those found and their surrounding
cultural patterns. From images, interactions and interviews collected, stories
lending themselves to dramatic treatment develop in active collaboration with
local people whose feedback reinforces authenticity measured by their responses.
However, despite following the axiom that artists should bracket their own
concerns to reveal those of the community in which they work14, Amber’s
films demonstrate two related sets of contradictions. These concern the material
grounds upon which they enter the lives of target networks – exactly how
outsiders become insiders – and the interpersonal co-ordinates within
which film narratives then emerge. But while compromising the transparency
of the final output in both its social and realist dimensions, these problematics
also help explain the genre’s – and Amber’s – continuing
powerful fertility as well as illustrating its inherent political ambivalence.
Alienated from traditional proletarian backgrounds after bourgeois betterment
via higher education, reconnection has in effect been sought with the lost
social anchorings of group members’ own family and class heritage. An
ensuing celebratory nostalgia projectively identifies with ‘organic’ settings
where apparently objective, culturally-fused reflections of economic and geographic
conditions nevertheless eternally melt into air in the march of ‘progress’.
Furthermore the bulk of the contemporary lower-classes are left behind in favouring
marginal milieux less afflicted by contemporary respectability and consumerism – but
here the confusing multi-hybridity of class and cultural influences already
saturating the film-makers’ biography can also be more readily disavowed.
Yet their relatively privileged modern lifestyle choices are mystified within
the plots into the arbitrary exigencies of necessity confounding passionate
relations between characters – whose ‘natural’ discovery of
new environments is the fictional alibi for poring over them15. To varying
degrees, therefore, the dynamics behind the film narratives are driven as much
by resonances with the artists’ personal issues as the real situations
of those depicted – and, as righteous criticisms of documentary method
and ethnographic bias emphasise, the credibility of observational detachment
is inexorably undermined by such compelling hidden agendas.
Just as inevitably, the economic underpinnings and corollaries of the films’ development
and production are also disguised in their manifest content. For example, the
group’s approach has usually entailed direct financial intervention to
buy physical infrastructure16. Seen as supplementary ‘tools of the trade’ this
certainly reinforces their credible seriousness, but also sets precedents of
inequitable patronage in dealings with locals lacking the wherewithal to solve
problems this way. Indeed, questions of property ownership in the narratives
usually represent agonising all-or-nothing life-changing decisions rather than
strategic investment options – while characters representing big money
and associated power tend to be our heroes’ unequivocal nemeses. Similarly,
the funding for community photography or other documentary projects – whose
output later feeds into the films – often originates in local government
or other insitutional remits. This implicates the film-makers in hierarchical
circuits of influence which again militate against the clarity of horizontal
mutual exchanges among equals, and further implies selective local engagement
with those individuals more amenable to such external pressures or able to
realistically afford public exposure and official oversight.
All these inconveniences corrupt the impossible humble humanism of Amber’s
ideals, leaving the results open to the weighty objections levelled at documentary
genres and realism in general and social-realist cinema in particular. But
the shortcomings cited here could never begin to be tackled in mainstream cinematic
apparatuses – since storylines, settings, characters, scripts and outcomes
are fixed so long in advance according to the supposed superior wisdom (or
stupidity) of their vanguards of production variously incorporating discourses
of power and the bottom lines of capital. Little more than duplicitous lip-service
is typically paid to any deeper correspondence with lower-class experience,
whereas Amber’s wilful autonomy and extreme care and patience bring such
issues to the surface. In a sense, the process they embark on in their artistic
sphere to get each low-budget film made mirrors, however inadvertently and
partially, the conjunctures routinely faced by social strata who lack the clout
to assert their own interests – requiring the mobilisation of the fullest
range of resources available, however tainted, to prise as much personal and
communal benefit and meaning as possible from conditions imposed from outside.
So the real secret of Amber’s success may lie squarely in their collective
ethos, putting their own integrity genuinely on the line to nurture and maintain
intimate intercourse with others and to share the results. As Murray Martin’s
motto – the informal manifesto of the whole group – has it: “Integrate
life and work and friendship. Don’t tie yourself to institutions. Live
cheaply and you’ll remain free. And, then, do whatever it is that gets
you up in the morning”.
www.tomjennings.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk
Notes
1. Whose more forward-looking manifestations include
an engagement with last year’s Climate Camp and subsequent debate: see
John Cunningham, ‘A Climatic Disorder?’ [review of] ‘Class,
Climate Change and Clean Coal – the Climate Campers and the Unions’ conference,
Newcastle upon Tyne, 1 November 2008’ (www.metamute.org). Also commemorating
the 1984-5 strike is a ‘Working Class Bookfair’ organised by Tyneside
IWW and others to be held at the Linskill Centre, Linskill Terrace, North Shields,
Tyne & Wear, 14th March, 11am-4pm. Involved in both initiatives is Dave
Douglass, former NUM branch official, whose Pit Sense Versus the State (Phoenix
Press, 1994) is one of the most clear-sighted explanations of the miners’ radicalism.
2. A feature-length television documentary directed by Mike Figgis about the
event was broadcast on Channel 4 on 20th October 2002. Deller’s own catalogue
of the work was published by commissioners Artangel in The English Civil
War Part II: Personal Accounts of the 1984-85 Miners’ Strike (ed.
G. Van Noord); see also a comprehensive discussion by Alice Correia in ‘Interpreting
Jeremy Deller’s The Battle of Orgreave’, Visual Culture
in Britain, Vol. 7, No. 2, pp.93-112, 2006. For blunt firsthand analyses
of the strike’s policing and media coverage, see Dave Douglass, Come
and Wet This Truncheon and Tell Us Lies About the Miners, ASP/DAM, 1986.
And for a powerful relevant literary fictionalisation, see David Peace’s
GB84 (Faber 2004) – whose previous bitter ‘Yorkshire noir’ cycle
is adapted for television in Channel 4’s Red Riding trilogy this
month.
3. For an interesting comparison in the field of social documentary photography,
see Darren Newbury, ‘Telling Stories About Photography: The Language and
Imagery of Class in the Work of Humphrey Spender and Paul Reas’, Visual
Culture in Britain, Vol. 2, No. 2, pp.69-88, 2001. For an exhaustive treatment
of documentary photography, see John Roberts, The Art of Interruption: Realism,
Photography and the Everyday, Manchester University Press, 1998.
4. A useful historical summary up to the 1990s can be found in Samantha Lay,
British Social Realism: From Documentary to Brit Grit, Wallflower, 2002.
5. Cf. John Hill, Sex, Class and Realism, BFI, 1986.
6. See Roger Bromley, ‘The Theme That Dare Not Speak Its Name: Class and
Recent British Film’, in Sally R. Munt (ed.), Cultural Studies and
the Working Class: Subject to Change, Cassell, 2000.
7. In ‘Reimagining the Working Class: From Riff-Raff To Nil
By Mouth’ (in Sheila Rowbotham & Huw Beynon, eds., Looking
At Class, Rivers Oram Press, 2001), Kerry William Purcell considers the
films alongside contemporary visualisations of social class in the photography
of Paul Graham and Nick Waplington; whereas Glenn Creeber’s ‘“Can’t
Help Lovin’ Dat Man”: Social Class and the Female Voice in Nil
By Mouth’ (in Munt, note 6) interprets its erosion of male perspective
in terms of previous social-realist cinema.
8. Jill Marshall also discusses shifting gender relations after deindustrialisation
in ‘Going For the Full Monty: Comedy, Gender and Power’, Visual
Culture in Britain, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp.31-48, 2000.
9. For example, Carine Adler, Pawel Pawlikowski, Lynne Ramsay, Shane Meadows,
Penny Woolcock, Kenny Glenaan and Andrea Arnold, among others.
10. Such cinematic contrasts of violence and conviviality are recurring globally,
with rich parochial inflections in France (e.g. Guédiguian, Kechiche),
Belgium (Dardenne brothers) and Romania; in Argntina, Brazil and Mexico and
even further North (John Sayles).
11. Including dramatised sequences within investigative documentary, as with
1960s de facto Newcastle mayor orchestrating his rotten borough in T. Dan
Smith (1987). For levels of resonance achieved, see, for example, founder-member
Sirkka-Lisa Konttinen’s tapestries of public communal cement – in Byker’s
(1983) pre-slum-clearance back-to-backs, Step By Step’s (1985)
North Shields dance school, and The Writing In The Sand’s (1991)
windswept Northumbrian beach playgrounds.
12. Setting up a Current Affairs Unit to co-ordinate work for the NUM and the
strike’s public face. Previous campaign work had included preserving part
of Newcastle’s historic Quayside (where their operations are based), and
earlier solidarity at Vickers Armstrong in Scotswood at the request of the
stewards’ convenor there. Protracted later involvement with an ex-mining
community also yielded, among other things, the recent fiction films.
13. Which received a television premiere on Channel 4’s More4, 10th December
2008. Full details and summaries of Amber/Side projects, exhibitions, photographic
resources and film productions, including VHS, DVD and print publications,
can be found at www.amber-online.com. Interviews with Amber members giving
insights into their intentions and motivations can be found in The Pursuit
of Happiness and also in: Huw Beynon, ‘Documentary Poet’ [interview
with Murray Martin], in Rowbotham & Beynon, Looking At Class (see
note 7); Neil Young, ‘Forever Amber: An Interview With Ellin Hare and
Murray Martin of Amber Collective’, Critical Quarterly, Vol. 43,
No. 4, pp.61-80, 2001; Darren Newbury, ‘Documentary Practices and Working-class
Culture: An Interview With Murray Martin (Amber Films and Side Photographic
Gallery)’, Visual Studies, Vol. 17, No. 2, pp.113-128, 2002; and
Jack Newsinger, ‘Together We Stand’ [interview with Graeme Rigby], Vertigo magazine,
No. 11, August 2007.
14. Inspired by R.G. Collingwood’s liberal-humanist idealist philosophy
in The Principles of Art, 1938.
15. As a desperate housewife flees spousal abuse to Lynemouth (Seacoal);
a daughter mends fences with her ship’s captain father (In Fading Light),
or an Irish wise-woman doesn’t with her publican son (Dream On);
a juvenile delinquent seeks sanctuary with his absent dad (Eden Valley);
a working-class lad made good fails as management material (The Scar);
a self-employed community worker juggles family and career (Like Father);
and an ex-youth worker mentors others but risks losing himself (Shooting
Magpies).
16. Such as purchasing a caravan and horse in Northumberland; then a trawler
and pub (both fully-functioning) in North Tyneside; and then acres of land,
more horses and buildings in East Durham. |